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* المقالة باللغة الانجليزية :
Anthropologists were not the first since the tendency in the eighteenth century have had a loud bang in scientific circles, as a result of lack of access and adequate supplies of independence. Or perhaps an inevitable, which made it similar to sociology to the extent that a researcher can not distinguish between the two Kaalim separated from each other. Resulting in a lack of interest, like other sciences. Although the eighteenth century, is a breakthrough that followed the anthropology. However, it did not represent truly representative.
Is frequently "and especially here in the twenty-first century" to talk about anthropology research, which began Wednesday Mketbatna by the rich.
However, it did not materialize between students and the street, or perhaps some of us did not know what anthropology? Or rather not heard of before. This, of course, the result of the scarcity of books known Alantheroboggio the one hand, and we ignore this flag - our universities and the lack of it from the other.
Twentieth century witnessed remarkable visible effects of Anthropology and the attention of scholars and intellectuals interested in social sciences. This is Bmwlvat many emerging genius from anthropology, including: Professor Adam Cooper, Talkot Parsons, and Burgess, Luke, and tend Drukaim, and the mark assigned Rad Brown, Malinowski.
It was the emergence of these geniuses of the twentieth century had a major impact on the scientific community, where they are able to make a radical change or transformation progress recovering from Rkdtha anthropology, and I've done to the darkness.
In Abaghertna Arab renaissance Vtmthelt anthropology names of many prodigies, including: d. Qais al-Nuri, Dr. Shakir Mustafa Salim, Dr. Ali al Wardi. And others.
And the memory of the Dr. pink object here objector or means and says: "The Rosy Dr. Ali scientist? What linked Balintropouloggio?.
In fact, we agree with this objection, but we would like to point out that the works were of a pink nature or character of an anthropological than a sociologist. Equity requires us to consider the pink researcher Dr. social and anthropological one time, and this clearly shows the Orbiter writings of pink.
Olantherologia lacking in the Arab world to fame only after all available supplies, which qualifies them independent science in our universities. Today we are witnessing this lack of clear Mlahoudatna minute after what is going on in scientific circles.
This did not adequately share of anthropology in our universities. Where we find in some universities in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia and Iraq.
This in itself proves the delayed Arab peers West, in the emergence and development of anthropology.
History of anthropology in Iraq:
It should be noted that the era of anthropology in Iraq, but has not started several years ago. This is a result of isolation of Iraq and its failure to convoy went by most Arab countries, although it lags behind, if compared to Western countries.
University of Baghdad, began with the introduction of anthropology. Inctr where sociology department at Baghdad University - starting from the third stage into three sections: sociology - and social service - and then add a branch anthropology. This was started in 1988.
In (2003 - 2004), the opening section of applied anthropology at the University Mustansiriya University in Baghdad, which function as a separate section only in Iraq, which carries the name.
We hope that it will be to uphold the interest of anthropology, like other human sciences. This is not only open wide area in our universities and the promotion of field studies conducted in accordance with the requirements of this science
What is anthropology?
Anthropology is the science of rights. Has been viewed as the floor of the two Greek words:
((anthropos and meaning "man" and (logos) meaning "knowledge".
Accordingly, the verbal meaning of the term anthropology (anthropology) is anthropology.
Defined anthropology definitions Poitier:
1 - Anthropology
2 - The rights and the actions and behavior.
3 - The groups of human behavior and production.
4 - The human being is in terms of natural and social and cultural.
5 - The civilizations and human societies.
These definitions are of "public anthropology" and can be defined through the fourth to know, "Social Anthropology": as anthropology in the social organism. (1)
Anthropology departments Assembly:
Anthropology is divided into four sections head from the point of view Olantropoulugiyn in Britain, and these sections are:
1 - natural anthropology: physical anthropology
This section is the natural sciences, especially Anatomy and Physiology "physiology", life science "" Biology. This section belongs to the range of natural sciences, and the most important character of osteology "Osteology", and aware of the construction humanitarian Human Morphology "", and measurements of the human body anthropometry "", and study measures of living objects "Biometrics", and aware of the humanitarian operation "Human serology".
This section examines the faculties of medicine and science professionals and most of the doctors, life scientists, but also in studying social sciences faculties in the anthropology departments. (2)
And dealing with natural anthropology study the emergence of man on earth a race distinct, and acquired a special character walking Mentsa, and the ability to use hands and the ability to speak, and the large brain, and then examine the evolution of life. The spread on the ground, and studying old strains of human characteristics, and the human elements and contemporary descriptions of physical attributes and different, and the distribution of those elements on the continent, establishing standards and controls to those elements, Ktol height and shape of the head and hair color, density and eye color, forms, color of skin, and forms the nose . Studying the genetics and the human race features transition from one generation to another. (3)
2 - Social Anthropology:
The studies concentrated on primitive societies. Since World War II are studying the rural and urban communities in developing and developed countries. Examines the social structure and social relations and social systems, such as family, and thigh, the clan and kinship, marriage, class and social groups, and economic systems, Kalinteg, distribution, consumption, and bartering, and money, and political systems, such as laws, penalties, and power and government, belief systems, religion and wizardry . Layout is also considering ecosystem (4).
Branch interested in the analysis of social anthropology social construction of human communities, especially primitive societies, which clearly shows the integration and unity of the social construction, and so the focus of this sectionn the social sector of civilization, deep and detailed study is to build social and clarify the interdependence and mutual influence between the social systems "functional theory" of the mark "Rad Clive Brown, "and that the basis of social systems in a society, are the fabric of interconnected elements - affect each of the other elements, those elements working to create a social unit allows the community to continue and survival, not interested in contemporary social anthropology of social systems, because the social history does not Explains the nature, but explain that by identifying the nature and function of a single social system in the social structure of society. (5)
3 - cultural anthropology (cultural):
Studying primitive peoples innovations, tools and machinery, arms, and housing models, and types of clothing, decorations and means, the arts, literature and stories, myths, the primitive people of all production material and spiritual.
It focuses on the cultural contact between people and related peoples. The Iqtbsa them, and the development of civilization, and social change.
Since World War II are studying the rural and urban communities in developed and developing countries (6).
4 - Applied anthropology:
When the European Contact through trade and colonialism and ushering in the primitive peoples, there is a need to understand the primitive peoples as may be required in the interests of European peoples and the rule of exploitation, and in very rare cases as may be required to help those people and help them catch up with a convoy of modern civilization. , Creating a new branch of anthropology that examine communication problems and dilemmas primitive peoples management and conduct of their affairs and figures improved.
This section called "applied anthropology." (7)
The development of this section, "applied anthropology" a lot, especially since World War II, and a variety of fields of anthropology and evolution of parts of its branches, as it represents the application of these sections and branches, is not a separate section, but the president is the instrument for the application of research results from all branches of anthropology, which have ambitions The service of man and society.
The applications included many areas including:
Education, education, urbanization and population, social and economic development, especially community development, medical and public health, psychological, information, communication and radio and television, copyright novelist and playwright, art and folklore of "folklore" and ethnological museums, in addition to industrial areas, The military and psychological warfare, politics and the problems of management and governance, crime and prison .... etc..
It is the evolution of this section (Applied Anthropology) and increasing research in newly emerged branches of the cultural and social anthropology, where each of them characterized in a specific field from the above
Relationship anthropology some social sciences (9):
Anthropology close relationship with some of the most important social sciences:
1 - Ethnology: the knowledge of history of civilizations and cultural relations between peoples, civilizations and classification, distribution and deployment in the world.
2 - Ethnography: a descriptive study of societies and civilizations.
3 - Alarkyuloggio: (archeology) and ethnological and ethnographic study of the civilizations of the peoples of the concepts that scientists found in excavations.
4 - sociology: the study of phenomena that emanate from the relations between human groups, the study of the relationship between human rights and the environment. The focus in modern sociology studies on the most advanced social phenomena, that the problems of complex and sophisticated societies.
The emergence of anthropology and evolution since the eighteenth century to the present (10):
We can consider the newly anthropology nearly a century old and almost a quarter century, as we can. With time, we consider one of the oldest science of human beings.
Universities did not begin teaching anthropology only recently. It has appointed the first professor at the University of Oxford, a "secret Edward Taylor" in 1884, and at the University of Cambridge, a professor, "Hadden" in 1900, and at the University of Liverpool, a "secret James Fraser" in 1907.
And appointed the first professor at the University of London in 1908, and in American universities in 1886.
As the anthropologist to study theories on the nature of human societies, we can consider, on the other hand, one of the oldest science. It was started with the oldest human reflections on those topics. For example, has said that the Greek historian (Herodotus), "Abu anthropology" as the father of history, because we described at length the physical composition of the ancient peoples k (Alsithein) and the ancient Egyptians and other ancient peoples, and pictures of morals and customs.
He also wrote of the Romanian (Takits) famous study of Germanic tribes.
Even before the Babylonians, "Herodotus" long, collected in museums in particular some of the Sumerians left the tools and tailings.
We can consider the eighteenth century appropriate starting point for anthropology. After witnessing the emergence of the components of this science. Vara Montesquieu in his famous (the spirit of laws) and founded the community and nature. And the writings of (San Simon), and his knowledge of the existence of society, and views (According to Hume) and (Adam Smith) and their approaches to communities consisting of formats as normal, and believed the unlimited development, with the laws of that development, all those thoughts and views contained Albdhirat is undoubtedly good and components Basic grew in the nineteenth century, the great anthropological Vkont schools.
After the mid-nineteenth century old books began to appear in anthropology in Europe and America. The most prominent writers of these books (password Henry Maine), "the old law" in 1861 and his book (village communities in the East and West) (1861), a book (Bachoven) for (the mother) in 1861, the book (do Fostl Kolanej) on the (old city) 1864, the book (McLennan) on "primitive marriage" in 1865, the book (the secret Edward Taylor) called "research in the ancient history of mankind" in 1865 and his other on "primitive civilization" in 1871, and then (Los Morkn) for the "Formats blood ties Intermarriage in the family and humanity) in 1870.
It showed "with time" two major schools of this science, namely "Comparative Law School" and "evolutionary school." Forty men first school anthropology while many started to study comparative law. As to your particular law Qguanien old and primitive peoples. The second school were affected by "evolutionary" theories (Lamarck) and (Darwin) in the development of life. Theories, building sea in the social development on-grounds.
In the early twentieth century anthropology emerged in the names of large, such as "password James Fraser," and "tend Dorcaym" and "Rad charged Brown" and "Malinowski," and "Alboot Smith" and "Rffers." It also emerged as an important anthropological schools (School of proliferation of civilization) and (school career). Both attacked and Dhoudta "evolutionary school", in addition to "environmental school", an old school continuing presence.
We can see the real starting point of anthropology is the twentieth century, with the emergence of genius from a huge names anthropology, in addition to the books in that regard. Not to mention the important anthropological schools that helped in the growth and development of the science.
There is a particular issue I wish to convey to the reader Karim, which, if sociology and anthropology flags are very similar, so that researchers can not segregate or discriminate between the two flags. Tqarabhma so, so it is the best of me and the reader to identify points of difference between these two flags to see Towards both of these flags In social studies.
Relationship sociology Palantropouloggio (anthropology):
Sociology is very close to the flag because it teaches anthropology social relationships between human groups, but different from the anthropology of three ways:
Is the first: The sociology studies focus on selected topics like magic, religion, unemployment or marriage or something like that, in studying entire communities comprehensive study also studied anthropology.
The second is: It does not limit his studies on primitive societies, but take all primitive societies and other makeshift field of studies. With a strong tendency to focus on the study of dilemmas sophisticated and complex societies. While the study focused on anthropology primitive societies before World War II.
After this war, "Second World", the communities studied anthropology has advanced and sophisticated as well, with a strong tendency to focus on the study of primitive societies and developing countries.
The third is a difference flags research approach taken in each study, which is the most important difference between them.
See:
1 – Salim، Shakir Mustafa: Introduction to Anthropology, Ani Press, 1975, p. 7
2 - descriptive, Atef: social anthropology, i 2, Dar-Arab renaissance - Beirut, 1981, p. 10 - 12
3 - Salim ،Shakir Mustafa: ibid., p. 17.
4 - the same source, p. 17
5 - descriptive, Atef Source: the former, 16 - 17
6 – Salim، Shakir Mustafa: ibid., p. 17 - 18
7 - the same source, p. 18
8 -al Nouri, Qais: the entrance to the anthropology of Baghdad, 1983, p. 33 - 34 - 90 - 93.
9 – Salim، Shakir Mustafa: ibid., p. 14 - 16
10 - the same source, p. 7 - 14
Article tariff of anthropology, prepared and submitted by: Ibraheem al
Saadi - Applied anthropology student - Mustansiriya University
* إبراهيــــــــــــــم الســـــــــاعدي
باحث انثروبولوجي - كاتب عراقي
المصدر: واتا
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